Important Information

Final Post

One evening just after nightfall the lights of Cairo came into sight.  It produced a strange thrill in the hearts of the boys from Illinois, and produced a strange thrill in the hearts.  It was nearly 3 years ago they had passed by this city on the way to Memphis.

William Johnson recalled,
Every man was thrilled with delight as he stepped from the boat at Cairo and once more trod upon the soil of his own beloved State 
The next evening the men boarded a stock train headed for Camp Butler.  Their journey had been so long, with untold miles of marching, that transportation of any kind, even a foul smelling stock car, seemed to be nearly a luxury.

The next morning they found themselves approaching central Illinois.  From almost every farmhouse and dwelling the residents waved a a napkin, towel, pillow case or any handy article of clothing to welcome their boys home.

They reached Camp Butler in the afternoon.  As they passed through the gates, many of the men recalled marching out of these gates three years earlier as an full regiment of 1,000 men.  Yet today they were a small band of just 200.  Where were the missing 800?  Some of them were recently released from prisoner of war camps and have not yet found their way home.  As noted earlier, may other can be found in graves in the South, or were sent home earlier with injuries caused by battles or disease.

Several days were spent at Camp Butler.  Finally, on an afternoon in the middle of September, the battalion was drawn up in line for the last time.  Just in front of the line was a house with an open window.  When his name was called, each man stepped up to the window and was handed his discharge papers and a roll of money representing the amount of money due form the Government.

An hour or two later the men walked back through the camp gates as citizens and began to make their way home.  Many spent the night in Springfield, before taking a train towards St. Louis, and then an eastbound train back towards Bond County and home.

Wednesday, August 16, 1865

Transportation up the Mississippi River was on a riverboat.  The trip was delightful, and the men passed many places they had visited over the past three years, including Baton Rouge, Morganza Bend, Grand Gulf, Vicksburg, Milliken's Bend, and Memphis.  Not all of these locations produced fond memories.  At times the mood on the riverboat was jubilant.  At other times the mood was very somber, as fallen comrades were remembered.

Tuesday, August 15, 1865

With all of the paperwork completed, the 130th was mustered out of service today.  William Fleming's discharge papers read:

          Know ye, That William Fleming, a Corporal of Captain J.W. Wilken, Company C, 130th Regiment of Illinois Infantry VOLUNTEERS who was enrolled on the Seventh day of August one thousand eight hundred and Sixty Two to serve three years or during the war, is hereby DISCHARGED from the service of the United States this Fifteenth day of August, 1865, at New Orleans Louisiana by reason of Service no longer required (No objection to his being re-enlisted is known to exist.) Said William Fleming was born in Loraine Co in the State of Ohio, is thirty three years of age, Five feet Ten inches high, Dark complexion, Dark eyes, Dark hair, and by occupation, when enrolled, a Carpenter. Given at New Orleans, La this Fifteenth day of August 1865.  (Signatures unreadable)
During their service the 130th Illinois Infantry lost 2 Officers and 18 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 4 Officers and 153 Enlisted men by disease. That’s a total of 177.

Thursday, August 10, 1865

Today the began to make out the muster rolls and finalize other paperwork.



Sunday, August 6, 1865

William Fleming left the hospital and joined the men of the 130th as they left Mobile on a boat today, bound for New Orleans.  Leaving this afternoon, the trip was made by way of the Mississippi Sound, Grant's Pass and Lake Ponchartrain.

Friday, August 4, 1865

The 130th Battalion received orders today to proceed to New Orleans and muster out.

Friday, July 21, 1865

William Fleming was sent to the Marine Hospital in Mobile today.  He would still there until early August.

Tuesday, July 11, 1865

The remnants of the 130th were reorganized at Mobile, Alabama into a battalion of six companies under the command of Lt. Col. John B. Reid.  They were now assigned to the 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, 13th Army Corps (New), Military Division West Mississippi.

After seeing the men of the 77th Illinois and others begin to muster out, William Fleming wrote:
it seem rather discouraging to the boys of the 130th as they had been in servis longer from elistment than either of the other two and yet had to remain.   I was taken sick about that time but remined with the Reg until the 21st day of July.  

Monday, July 10, 1865

The 77th Illinois Volunteer Infantry mustered out at Mobile today.  They went to work making out their muster rolls and the transfer rolls.  They started for home on July 12th, but they did not arrive in Peoria until July 29th. 

The 91st Illinois Volunteer Infantry also started for home at the same time.

Friday, July 7, 1865

Today special orders were received from the headquarters of the 3rd Division of the 13th Army Corps near Mobile Alabama.   This orders carried out the orders previously received - that the old 130th Illinois Infantry would be revived, and that members of the old 130th (plus newer recruits of the 77th) would be transferred into the revived organization.

Friday, June 23, 1865

Today a special order from the 13th Army Corps headquarters in Galveston, Texas was received.

The organization formerly known as the 130th Illinois Volunteer Infantry (discontinued on January 25th 1865) is now, subject to the approval of the War Department, revived.  All men of the 77th Illinois Volunteer Infantry, whose term of service will not expire on or before September 1, 1865, and all officers and men now with the 77th who were transferred from the 130th Illinois Volunteer Infantry will be formed into a battalion composed of companies of maximum strength.  They didn't have enough men to form a full regiment, hence the "battalion of companies."

The organization known as the 77th Illinois Volunteer Infantry and all men whose term of service expires on or before September 1st will be mustered out as soon as the transfer noted above is completed.


Tuesday, June 13, 1865

Things got worse today for the men from the 130th, as the rumor was that they would not be mustered out with the 77th, and instead would go to Texas for more fighting.

Thursday, June 8, 1865

Today the rumor circulated through camp that the 77th could not be mustered out as a regiment and leave the boys from the 130th still in active service.  So, the joy was turned to grief.  The rumors continued, with the assumption that the 130th would be reinstated and the 77th  mustered out.

Tuesday, June 6, 1865

Today the troops in Mobile received an order that all troops whose service expired on or before October 1st would be immediately mustered out.  William Fleming noted:
...there was great rejoicing, but after investigation the commander decided that the 130th boys would not go out under this order and it created much excitement but the 77 boys seem to be jubilant 



Saturday, June 3, 1865

All of the troops in Mobile and the vicinity were reviewed today by General Granger;.  This was partly in preparation for future operations, and partly in honor of Salmon P. Chase, the Chief Justice of the United States, who was visiting Mobile.  The veteran soldiers, aware that such reviews were often a prelude to more fighting, asked one another, "What next?"

The following extracts are from the New Orleans Times:

The soldiers formed on Government Street, and marched up Royal Street, past the Battle House, when General Granger and staff, and Chief Justice Chase, mounted on horseback, reviewed the gallant men as they marched on with the steady tramp of veterans. 
On Saturday, as we marched through the place to the position assigned us on Government Street, the streets were alive with people. Men, women and children, clad in the gayest attire, were out to behold one of the grandest military pageants ever witnessed by the people of Alabama. Royal Street, in the region of the Battle House and the Custom House, was a perfect jam. I saw quite a number of Confederate officers beholding the march of our boys, and all seemed in the best of humor.  
The troops remaining were of the Third Division, and were marched into the city under the command of Brevet Brig. Gen. Grier, Colonel of the 77th Illinois Volunteers. The General is a fine officer; has done his duty in this war. His Regiment under his command have made for themselves a glorious record. On many a well fought field have they carried their colors through 'shot and shell,' until a triumphant victory has crowned their efforts. Peoria may well feel proud of Brevet Brig. Gen. Grier and his gallant 77th. They have done honor to the City and State. Their time of enlistment will soon expire, and it will not be long before they are on their way to their homes. May they receive the hero's welcome they have so nobly earned.

Tuesday, May 30, 1865

Today the 13th Army Corps was ordered to embark on transports for Texas.  Some of the division went aboard, but there arose a dispute among some of the commanders.  Some of the regiments who were close to being mustered out believed the orders did not apply to them.

General Canby was contacted and he telegraphed back from New Orleans to not move until he arrived.  He came in a day or two and resolved the disputes.


Saturday, May 27, 1865

This morning the troops in Mobile received an official dispatch announcing the surrender of the Army of the Trans-Mississippi.  This caused great joy throughout the camp, as it was the last known organized Confederate force.  The war was at an end and peace would soon be restored to the land.

Thursday, May 25, 1865

Today the 77th Illinois was camped about two miles from Mobile.  A large warehouse in the northeast part of the city filled with ammunition and gunpowder somehow ignited, causing an explosion so great that it destroyed nine blocks of the city and killed several hundred people.

Private William Wiley described it this way:
We were something over two miles [away] and the concussion nearly took the tops of our heads off... One of our company Wm Avery  was down in the city at the time with one of the commissary teams and him and his team had a very narrow escape.
William Fleming also remembered the day:
about 2 oclock on the 25 we was startled by a severe shock occasioned by an explosion of a ordanance warehouse where it was said to contain 52 tons of amunition such as kegs of powder and catterages an fired amunition with a large amount of shot and shell, the shock was great an the explosion terrific doing damage to the city and resulted in the loss of a great many noble lives and in the distruction of  great amount of valuable property...the shells did not sease exploding till late next day an it was dangerous to be near the scene 

Tuesday, May 16, 1865

The regiment was inspected today by Lt. Colonel Potter from General Benton's staff.  They concluded this was a very good indication they would soon be marching.  William  Fleming noted that after the inspection,
the boys was not idle in gathern all the information they could relative to the matter, and circulated all they heard and the camp was filled with all maner of reports and rhumors 
In the evening there was long, loud and boisterous cheering. The soldiers in Mobile learned that Jefferson Davis was now a prisoner, and there was good reason for cheering.

William Fleming recalled,
on the night of the 16th we got an official dispatch of the capture of Jeff Davis an staff which caused great excitement...and in a few minets the hole camp was filled with loud cheers and the band struck up hang Jeff Davis on a sour apple tree &c 

Monday, May 15, 1865

The 77th, along with other regiments, received orders to be ready to move at an hour's notice.  All of their surplus baggage was to be stored at Mobile.  They were to draw rations for five days and fifty rounds of ammunition.

William Fleming recalled:
we held ourselves ready for any emergency that might present itself
but we was not without camp rhumors and fals reports.  we would here that the order was countermanded and that we was not to go and then we would here that we was a going, so we in this way kept in suspense.

Tuesday, May 9, 1865

This morning all of the boats were loaded with the Union troops and supplies.  About noon the signal gun was fired and the Cherokee, with General Benton's headquarters aboard, moved out.  The men of the 77th Illinois followed, aboard either the St. Nicholas or the St. Charles.  All of the other boats fell in line behind them.

They sailed down the Tombigbee River and landed at the wharf at Mobile about 7 o'clock this evening.  They disembarked and by 10 o'clock they had moved out to the grove about 3 miles beyond the city in the direction of Whistler, went into camp.

Private Wiley described the appearance of the dispirited Confederate soldiers he saw: 
The rebel soldiers were coming in from all directions. . . The most of them looked pretty sad. They looked pretty badly used up. Their old butternut clothes were all in rags. They felt very different from what we did. They had staked their all and lost it and were beating there way back as a vanquished army to desolate homes and were expecting soon to return as a conquering host to pleasant homes.
William Fleming noted that, despite the good news, there were still concerns:
there is all kinds of rhumors in camp concerning an expedition which is likely to be sent to Texas if Kirby Smith does not surrender





Monday, May 8, 1865

The first of the Confederate fleet bgean to arrive today.  The names of the boats, according to William Fleming, were the Jeff Davis, Black Diamond, Magnolia, Southern Republic, Cherokee, Robert Watson, Mary Stone, Admiral C W Dorence, Reindeer, Black Diamond, Duke, St. Charles, St. Nickolas, Marengo, Sumter, White Lilly, and the gunboats Morgan, Nashville, and Baltick.

Saturday, May 6, 1865

In William Wiley's journal entry for today he noted,

A national salute was fired on account of the surrender of the department of the Gulf by the rebels to Gen. E.R.S. Canby. All hostilities were ordered to cease and we felt our work was done.

Friday, May 5, 1865

According to William Fleming they were paid for six months today and they also received the news of General Dick Taylor's surrender.  The Union troops stopped their work at Fort Granger and turned their attention to chopping wood.  They would need to supply the transports that were coming down the river.

It was a joyous day:
the news was received with cheers by the men working on the fort and soon spred from one end of the camp to the other

Tuesday, May 2, 1865

The 2nd Brigade was sent out on a foraging expedition today. When they were about four miles from camp they met a flag of truce.

A letter was handed from the Confederates to Colonel Day of the Union Army.  It was an offical document from Confederate General Dick Taylor to his forces at Citronville, stating that an armistice had been agreed upon between himself and Union General Canby. The Brigade immediately returned to camp, and an officer was sent to Mobile on the gunboat Octorora with the news.

As a result of this armistice all the personal effects of the "Confederacy," including gunboats and transports, became the property of the United States. The rebel fleet at that time was at Demopolis, about 140 miles north of Mobile.  They would soon make their way to McIntosh Bluff, and then the work of loading the troops and stores would begin.

Saturday, April 29, 1865

The entire brigade went out on a scout today.  They found a few confederate soldiers who gladly surrendered.  They also found some cattle and sheep, and then returned to their camp on the evening of the 30th.

Wednesday, April 26, 1865

This morning the 77th Illinois, along with the rest of the 1st Brigade packed their knapsacks and marched ten miles up the Tombigbee River.  They followed the 2nd and 3rd Brigades who made the same trek yesterday.  They went into camp at McIntosh Bluffs and fixed up their quarters in grand style.

The stars and stripes were raised on an 80 foot pole.  Many of the local residents realized the end of the war was near.  They approached the Union armies to take an oath of allegiance and ask for protection.

The war was substantially over, and there were no hard campaigns in the future.  There was nothing left for the soldiers to do but wait for the government to muster them out.  For now the soldiers were having fun.



Sunday, April 23, 1865

While camped here they learned of President Lincoln's assassination.  It was terrible news to the soldiers, and the first impulse of every man seemed to be a desire to in some way to avenge the President's death.  The news was especially hard on the soldiers from Illinois, who shared a special bond with the President from central Illinois.    

Charles Johnson summed up the feelings of the boys from Illinois: 
Had the enemy been in our immediate front in battle array there is no question but at this period the Union soldiers would have fought with unusual determination;

Friday, April 21, 1865

The brigade that included the 77th Illinois marched in front today.  It began raining early this morning and continued most of the day.  They passed through Mt. Vernon, Alabama where the U.S. Arsenal is located.  William Fleming noted,
it is a beautiful location and is surrounded by a brick wall 8 or 10 ft high and has a number of fine goverment bildings in it   
They marched 10 miles and went into camp on the Tombigbee River near the residence of Confederate General Van Dorn.  He had been killed earlier in the war and was buried on a beautiful mound on the west side of the home.


Thursday, April 20, 1865

It was another warm day and the men from Illinois marched about 15 miles.  They waded through the sloughs and streams they encountered to get across them.


Wednesday, April 19, 1865

The 77th Illinois received orders today and marched off toward the northeast.  They left the 28th Illinois to guard Whistler Station.  They marched about 12 miles and went into camp.

It was a very warm day, as William Fleming recalled:

the boys divested themselves of all clothing they could spare the ground was strewed with blankets and shirts drawers, &c

Monday, April 17, 1865

The 21st and 26th New York Batteries each fired one hundred guns today in honor of the great victories achieved by Grant and Sherman in the east. Rumors were also circulating that the Trans-Mississippi Army had surrendered. The Union soldiers were quite jubilant over all of the good news.

Saturday, April 15, 1865

President Abraham Lincoln died this morning after being shot at Ford's Theater last night.  William Fleming and the other Illinois soldiers would not hear about this for a week.

Thursday, April 13, 1865

The 3rd Division was ordered to march up the Tombigbee River to Whistler Station about 6 miles northeast of the city on the Mobile and Ohio railroad.  The Union troops marched through the city and crowds of people of all ages came out to see them.

After leaving the city the soldiers were allowed to forage for food, including cattle, geese, turkeys, and chickens.  And so many foraging parties went out along the route and were able to collect a bounty of live animals that would help sustain the soldiers.

They reached Whistler Station about 1 o'clock this afternoon.  The advanced units found some Confederates there who had set fire to the buildings and were tearing up the machine shops and burning bridges.  They were driven beyond Eight Mile Creek, where they joined a force of about 500 cavalry.

As the rest of the Union Army came up, they dropped their knapsacks and double-timed for the front.  A brisk fight ensured, but the cavalry was too quick and made their escape.  Casualties on both sides were minimal.  This would be the final engagement the 77th Illinois fought in the Civil War.

They Union soldiers camped around Whistler Station for the next several days.


Wednesday, April 12, 1865

The next morning all the vessels moved across to Cat Fish Point, five miles below Mobile, and landed at the Magnolia Race Course.  The troops disembarked and began to march up the bay to the city.  They found abandoned and  evacuated forts along the way.

The Union command sent a message to the mayor of Mobile asking for his unconditional surrender.  He replied that , since the Confederate Army had left the city, it he was in charge and would agree to their demands.

The Union Army marched into the city and took possession and planted the Stars and Stripes in the city and over all of the ir fortifications.

Tuesday, April 11, 1865

As all the works guarding the approaches to the city of Mobile were now in the possession of the Union Army.  The confederates had little reason to ammunition or additional lives on the defense of the city.  In fact, soon after the fall of Fort Blakeley, the Confederate soldiers began to evacuate the city.

About 1 o'clock today the 77th Illinois marched back to Spanish Fort.  They had just laid down to rest when the were roused with the command to fall in.  As darkness fell, they marched about six miles and came to Stark's Landing.

Transport boats were waiting and the soldiers began to embark immediately.  As each vessel was loaded, it pushed off from the pier and anchored in the bay.

Monday, April 10, 1865

The Union Army spent th eday burying the dead.  They also took a detail of Confederate soldiers to dig up the torpedoes (land mines) that had been buried around the fort.



Sunday, April 9, 1865

Today was a hot, sultry spring day.  The Union troops had little time to enjoy last night's victory, as they began to march the 10 miles to the northeast to reinforce General Steele's attacking force at Fort Blakeley.  Fearing the works would be evacuated by night, General Steele prepared for an assault this afternoon.

On their march to Blakeley, the 77th Illinois was misdirected down a wrong road.  They were forced to turn around and retrace their steps. They arrived at Fort Blakely about 5 o'clock in the afternoon, too late to take part in the assault.  They were held in reserve, along with the entire 3rd Division.

At five o'clock the Union batteries began their work. Then the infantry poured in destructive volleys of musketry. Soon after a loud cheer came from the center, another from the left and then another from the right, indicating the points where the works had been successfully stormed. The conflict was short and the victory complete.

The Union casualties were not heavy - 113 deaths and 516 wounded.  Many of the casualties were caused by mines that had been planted around the works and for one or two miles along the road leading to the fort.

The Battle of Fort Blakely was the final major infantry battle of the Civil War.  The entire Mobile campaign resulted in the capture of the enemy works at Spanish Fort and Blakely, the surrender of Mobile, the capture of more than 5,000 prisoners, nearly 300 pieces of artillery, several thousand pieces of small arms, and large stores of ammunition. However, these would soon prove to be unimportant as the war was almost over.

Earlier today General Lee surrendered at Appomattox.  The Union troops in Mobile would not learn about it for several days.

Saturday, April 8, 1865

This morning the whole Union line of artillery opened up on the forts.  The kept up the barrage all day.

During the day the Union army planted several more heavy siege guns and motors.  At 5 o'clock the new guns opened fire and Union troops reinforced their skirmish lines.

They kept up the intense fire for several hours.  About 11 o'clock the Union troops charged the Confederate rifle pits and captured 600 prisoners.

They made their way on to the fort but found it evacuated.  The Union troops captured about 40 cannons and plenty of ammunition.  Along with other Confederates captured throughout the siege over the past several days, the Union army had captured about 1,000 prisoners in all.






Friday, April 7, 1865

Most of the day was fairly quiet.  Only one or two of the Union batteries were engaged, and they only shot at intervals.  The Confederates responded with the same vigor.

As the day wore on, the firing on the skirmish line gained intensity.  About 7 o'clock in the evening the Confederates made a charge on the Union skirmish line, but they were repulsed and suffered several casualties.

The Union was able to advance their rifle pits again, and now were within easy range of the fort.  That also means the Union troops were within easy range of the Confederate guns in the fort.


Thursday, April 6, 1865

William Fleming was sent out on the skirmish line today and he remained there until tomorrow afternoon.  He saw plenty of Confederate soldiers,
and had the pleasure of exchanging several shots with them   
Over the past several nights the Union troops had been advancing their rifle pits to the point where they were very close.  William Fleming remembered,  
being only 75 yds apart our boys would hollow over to them and ask them a great many foolish questions and the Rebs was very free to answer

Wednesday, April 5, 1865

The siege on Spanish Fort continued today, according to William Fleming.
 all seems quiet to day except on the skirmish line they keep up a brisk fire and the mortar batteries on our right and left throwing in a shell occasionly

Tuesday, April 4, 1865

For most of the morning and early afternoon everything was quiet except for a Union motor battery on the right and the left that each threw shells into Spanish Fort all day.

At 5 o'clock things changed, as nearly all of the Union artillery was engaged.  The bombardment lasted two hours.  It was a continuous roar that shook the earth under the feet of the Union soldiers.

After the cannonading ended, there was a large work detail made from every regiment.  The detail was sent to work on the artillery fort they had worked on the previous nights.

William Fleming reported the Confederate army was much more aggressive in their efforts to stop the work of the detail.

but we had only got to work when the rebels sent a few shells among us in order to drive us away but they failed we would watch the shells and dodge them but there was some unfortunate and came in collion with there shells and one man got killed and two others wounded and we were relieved at one oclock by another detail

Monday, April 3, 1865

There was nothing unusual today.  There were large details of Union soldiers working at different places planting their artillery.  They had several batteries of the 1st Pennsylvania heavy artillery ready for action.

Sunday, April 2, 1865

There was an unusual quiet all along the lines today.  There was no cannonading from either side, and very little firing on the skirmish line.

William Fleming was on a detail that worked all night building a small fort to protect heavy artillery that was brought forward.  The fort was likely an earth and fallen log berm.  The Union artillery was need to fire on a Confederate battery that had been annoying the northerners.

William Fleming noted the detail was not bothered too much by the Confederates.
the rebs were very peaceful only threw two shells at us while we were at work

Saturday, April 1, 1865

There was about the same amount of annonading today as yesterday.  The Union mortars were throwing shells and exploding them in the Confederate fort, but they could not tell how much damage was done.

There was also plenty of firing on the skirmish line, with soldiers wounded on both sides.

William Fleming reported the Union dug their rifle pits and they have them within 150 yards of the Confederate rifle pits.  They are so close...
we are situated so that we can hold corispondence with each other and the the rebs and our boys gets off good many jokes on each other by hollowing back and forward

Friday, March 31, 1865

There was "considerable cannonading" during the day.  Then in the evening William Fleming reported
a battery or two of heavy artilery was opened on them but they was not slow in replying

Thursday, March 30, 1865

William Fleming reported the Union artillery was more silent than usual today.  The Union was also busy bringing more artillery guns to the battle.  He noted some deserters from the Confederate side were coming over to the Union lines.

Wednesday, March 29, 1865

This morning the Union artillery opened up on the fort early and continued firing at intervals through the day.  The Rebels also kept a steady firing of artillery.

A shell exploded in the Union camp and killed four men and wounded 6 as they were busy dividing some meat.

This evening the Confederates charged a working party that was digging rifle pits but they were driven back, leaving some dead on the ground between the skirmish lines.

Tuesday, March 28, 1865

According to William Fleming,
comensed cannonading at sun rise and kept it up during the day also a brisk firing on the skirmish line several of our boys getting killed and wounded 
That night, William Fleming's company, along with three other companies from the 77th Illinois were ordered out in front of the skirmish line.  Their orders were to advance their rifle pits.  William Fleming noted their progress of the night:
we kept up a pretty hot fire of musketry while others was ingaged in digging rifle pits we advanced them within four hundred yds of there forts and within two hundred yds of there rifle pits 
William Fleming closed his diary entry for the day with this:
while writing the shells are bursting all around me

Monday, March 27, 1865

The whole Union Army moved forward today, and with little resistance, drove the Confederates back into their fort. The Union forces stopped about a half-mile from the fort and formed a line of battle.  The 77th Illinois took a position in a deep hollow.

The line to their right extended all the way to the bay on the north side of the fort.  Likewise, the line to their left extended all the way to the bay on the south side of the fort.  Union ironclads were in the bay, and so by nightfall, Spanish Fort was completely surrounded.

The Union forces began constructing defensive works and brought their siege guns up into better positions.  They began shelling the fort, and also kept a heavy skirmish line in the front.  Several troops on both sides were killed or wounded.  

At night the Union troops advanced their skirmish lines and dug rifle pits.

As Private William Wiley remembered:
The rebels continued to shell us pretty heavy . We had to dig out places in the hillside and build bomb proofs out of logs by splitting logs and putting the halves over head and throwing dirt over them to sleep in and go into when the rebels shelled us too hard.

Sunday, March 26, 1865

The men of the 77th moved our very early this morning.  General Smith marched off on a road leading to the right, while General Bertram went to the left.  The 1st and 3rd Divisions of the 13th Army Corps (including the 77th Illinois and William Fleming) marched up the center.

As they were drawing closer to Spanish Fort, every precaution was taken to guard against attacks.  They marched for about 10 miles and went into camp within 2.5 miles of the Confederate stronghold.

William Fleming described the evening activities:
we was imployed the most of the night in fortifying and the rest of the night laid in line of battle
Private William Wiley of the 77th Illinois also had a narration of the night:
We formed our lines around the rebel's works a mile or two back from the forts and threw up some breastworks by cutting logs and piling them up and throwing dirt over them. We worked until 10 pm and then our band got up on top of our works and serenaded the rebels.

Saturday, March 25, 1865

At about 3 o'clock this morning General A. J. Smith started forward with his troops.  About an hour later the 77th Illinois and the rest of the army marched.

The timber was dense and dark, and the marching was slow and tedious. They went into camp about 11 o'clock in the evening.

Friday, March 24, 1865

The 77th did not move today and stayed in camp.  According to William Fleming it was still an eventful day:
the first Div and all the train came up the Gerrilas watched there chances and charged upon our train at a ungarded point and captured seven or eight of our boys and shot a few mules

Thursday, March 23, 1865

This morning the march resumed.  Two companies were in charge of one team, in case they became stuck and needed to be pulled out.  However, they soone came to dry rolling country and the roads became much better.  They marched about 10 miles and went into camp in mid-afternoon.

General A. J. Smith and his forces came up the bay on transports and now were in the front position of the 16th Army Corps. They had been skirmishing with the Southern soldiers in the front during the day.

Wednesday, March 22, 1865

Today the men of the 77th could hear heavy cannonading ahead of them, far up the bay.  They finally succeeded in getting the train up and moving at 3 o'clock, and moved on to the north.  They only marched about a mile-and-a-half, and then went into camp at about 10 o'clock on the East Branch of the Fish River.



Tuesday, March 21, 1865

The soldiers started early this morning in a hard driving rain. It had rained all night and the ground was now very soft.  They moved through puddles that were two inches deep, and then 2 feet deep.

The mules became bogged down and were unable to pull the wagons which were sinking to the axle.  The column moved only about a mile-and-a-half and they went into camp around noon.

In the afternoon they pulled the wagons out with ropes, wading in water that was knee deep.  Covered with mud and full of fun, the boys pulled the wagons through the swamps, doing the work of a team of mules. William Fleming described it like this:
...it was rather a bitter pill to pull them a mile by uncle sams hirelings yet the boys would have there sport over it there be a bout fifty get holt of a wagon and they would give a yell and away they would go... 



Monday, March 20, 1865

William Fleming's diary entry explained today's activity:

we did not move camp we was ingaged in getting the suply train up and each man had to draw and carry 4 days rations in order to lighten the train

Tonight a storm descended upon them and it began to rain heavily.

Sunday. March 19, 1865

William Fleming described today's activity this way:
 We started again this morning moved up about 2 miles.  We stopped and stacked arms and carried rails ¾ of a mile.  We tore down 3 log houses to biuld bridges while others were using axes.  By this means we made some two miles of solid bridge and got our teams and artilery over the worst slough.  We started again and went about six miles and went into camp.
In many places "corduroy" roads were made.  A "corduroy" road was made by putting down many logs side by side and as close together as possible.

They made magnificent camp fires with the pine knots that abounded everywhere, and as a result of burning that kind of fuel their faces were covered with soot, smoke and grime.

As we passed through the continuous pine forests they came upon "turpentine orchards."  Cup-shaped notches had been chopped in the trunks of the larger trees and these had filled with resin. One night someone set fire to one resin-filled tree cup and the flames extended to others trees, and soon the fire spread to the entire forest.  They left these in their rear as they marched to a camp further on, far away from the forest fire.

Saturday, March 18, 1865

They started marching very early this morning, but encountered very bad roads and winding sloughs.  Because of that, progress was slow.  Despite the construction of corduroy roads of felled trees, soldiers were occasionally required to become "mules" to transport the supply wagons and artillery pieces.

They made 12 miles again today and then went into camp.  A detail of men worked through a good portion of the night making bridges.

Friday, March 17, 1865

The 77th Illinois received their orders.  They were now part of the 1st Brigade of the 3rd Division of the 13th Army Corps.  Today they would start their march in the early morning and cover about 12 miles before going into camp.  They left all unnecessary baggage behind and the officers were ordered to take "dog-tents," instead of the larger tents they had been used to on the beach at Fort Morgan.

Their objective was to move north along the southern and eastern shores of Mobile Bay and capture Spanish Fort and Fort Blakeley.   ''

The roads were sandy and swampy. The country was covered with a dense growth of pines and underbrush. Corduroy roads were built so the wagons and artillery could move over the swampy areas.

Marching in the deep sand was difficult, especially when marching with a knapsack, gun, accouterments and more.  As Samuel Kirkman of the 77th said,
At last the day's march ended and we went into camp, and I experienced inexpressible relief when I had stacked my gun and taken off my knapsack and accouterments. I ate heartily of the toasted bacon, "sow-belly," the boys called it, and "hardtack," a name they had bestowed on our army hard crackers ; and, in addition, drank freely of strong coffee, and felt much refreshed. My feet were sore and tender, and filling my canteen with cold water I poured this on my feet freely, rubbed and bathed them the best I could and then rolled up in my blanket and slept.

Wednesday, March 15, 1865

The war was quickly turning in the Union's favor.  The Union command put together their plan for the capture of Mobile, Alabama and had put all of the troops in place.  Orders were issued and the assault would soon begin.

Friday, February 24, 1865

This morning the men went into camp in the sand. The region was sterile and uninteresting to the men.  Fort Morgan had gained much notoriety from its engagement with Commodore Farragut's fleet the previous August. The fort showed marks of the bombardment, including crumbling walls and broken brick work.

Near the camp was a sand hill, twenty or thirty feet high.  From there the men could see the vessels anchored in the gulf and Dauphin Island to the west across the mouth of Mobile Bay.

Over the next couple weeks the men remained in camp here on the beach at Fort Morgan.  They often saw a school of porpoises playing in the waters of the bay.  This was a first for most of the soldiers from Illinois.

Looking west from Ft. Morgan in the fall of 2014.  You can see Dauphin Island in the distance.

Thursday, February 23, 1865

After nearly 36 hours, the storm eased enough and the St. Mary weighed anchor this morning and proceeded on toward Fort Morgan.  The sea was still rough, but they landed at Fort Morgan in the afternoon.  It was raining, and as soon as they stacked arms, they sought shelter under a pontoon train, where they spent the night.

William Fleming's account of the day:
we landed at Ft Morgan on the 23d and disembarked and moved out on mobile point in rear of the Ft, and went into camp we remained here untill the morning of the 17 of Mar

 The interior of Ft. Morgan in the fall of 2014.

Tuesday, February 21, 1865

This morning the men of the regiment found themselves on the blue salt water of the Gulf.  But the sea was rough with heavy winds.  The winds increased to a gale and blew from the west.  The storm continued to intensify. The ship rolled violently from side to side and plunged forward over the tops of the rolling waves.

The soldiers began to think they were on their last excursion. Their faces were pale and they were very anxious.  The old seasickness they remember from a year ago returned.  Soon the soldiers "heaved Jonah" and gave back to the sea those herring that they had eaten so heartily the night before.
Charles Johnson wrote of the episode:
And how long afterwards did the taste and flavor of those little stomach-disturbers remain with us! And who of us that ate herring on that day, more than a half century in the past, has ever had the hardihood to so much as taste one since!
The horses and mules, as well as the men, were bruised and battered by the storm. In order to escape the storm the St. Mary finally sought the shelter of Chandler's Island, about fifty miles from Fort Morgan. They anchored here for the night.

Monday, February 20, 1865

Today the regiment received orders to march to Bull Head Landing, Louisiana.  They left camp a little before noon and marched to Bull's Head Landing, where they remained in the dock-yard all the afternoon.  In the early evening they went aboard the steamer St. Mary - the same St. Mary that brought them from the sandy shores of Texas to Louisiana almost exactly one year ago.

William Fleming remembered the trip well:
we rec orders to move and went abord of the steamship St. Marry, and Launched out, we were soon overtaking with severe wind which made it very unfavorable to us, and causing our vessel to become almost unmanageable and our boys all were seasick and vomited without the least aid of medisene but finaly the winds abated  and the sea became calm, and we landed at Ft Morgan on the 23d
The men were all very tired and had not yet eaten their dinner.  Their meat rations, for the convenience of their march, were dried herring.  They ate heartily.  

As night approached the St. Mary moved away from the wharf and headed down the river.  Meanwhile, the men unrolled their blankets and stretched out on the deck sleeping soundly.


Friday, February 10, 1865

Today the newly reconstituted 77th Illinois Infantry Regiment was marched in review of Brigadier General Thomas West Sherman (commanding the defenses of New Orleans), Major General Stephen Augustus Hurlbut (commanding the Department of the Gulf), and Major General Edward R.S. Canby (commanding the Department of the Western Mississippi).  

By now the soldiers knew a major review meant orders were on the way.

Monday, January 30, 1865

William Fleming's detail at headquarters came to an end today.
I was ordered to report to my Regiment at woods Tress on Canal St it being consolidated with the 77 Ill...we remained on duty in the City untill the 20th day of Feb

Wednesday, January 25, 1865

Corporal Benjamin T. Turner, died today at Camp Ford,  Texas where he was held as a prisoner of war.  He was from Fuller's Point and part of Company G of the 77th/130th Illinois Regiment.

Saturday, January 14, 1865

Several of the regiments in the U.S. force had become reduced below the standard allowed by the War Department.  This was due to the large number of deaths, injuries and illnesses incurred over the months.

Among these depleted units were the 77th and 130th Illinois.  Orders were issued today to consolidate the two regiments, with the 130th Illinois losing it's identity.  The "new" 77th Illinois was swelled by the addition of 473 men.  The consolidation didn't make the men in either unit happy, as they each preferred to retain their own separate existence until they finally mustered out of the service.

William Fleming expressed his dissatisfaction:
our regiment was distributed and went to fill up the diferent companies of the 77 and the surplus Commissioned officers was mustered out of servis, we were much dissatisfied with the consolidation but had a verry poor way to help our selves, consequently we done the best we could together